Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа

This usually takes the form of analogy or comparison between two existent entities or one existent entity and another one assumed to exist. To put it differently, the structural components of the source conceptual schema are transferred to the target domain.

The third contains metaphors of different mapping conditions, and which lack equivalents in the TL. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions.

But the question is how many of these instances can Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа found among human languages?

As he goes further, Dagut Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа. Snell-Hornby 41 expresses the same idea as he states that "the extent to which a text is translatable varies with the degree to which it is embedded in its own specific culture, also with the distance that separates the cultural background of source text and target audience in terms of time and place. Metaphor and Cognitive Equivalence in Translation.

That is to say the fact that metaphors almost always exploit such different cognitive domains implies the search for a cognitive equivalence for SL metaphors in the TL. In other words, the translator is called upon to play the role of a proxy agent doing the act of conceptual mapping on behalf of the TL reader.

This category represents metaphors expressing a small number of ideas Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа by the two languages and hence expressed, roughly speaking, by similar expressions. Consider the following almost similar English and Arabic metaphors; most of them are proverbs reflecting the wisdom of many sub-cultures.

Unfortunately, very few exist. In this regard, Chitoran states that. The objective reality in which they live is definitely not identical but it is by and large similar. However, the universe we are living in is made up Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа things, and we are constantly confronted with them, obliged to communicate about them, and to define ourselves in relation to them.

Religion is considered the most common root metaphor since birth, marriage, death and other life experiences can convey different meanings to different people depending on their religious beliefs. Therefore, the translator has no choice other than replacing the SL image with a Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа image that does not clash with the target culture. This can only be done by resorting to the strategy of different cognitive mapping in search for cognitive equivalence.

Katan suggests that Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа cognitive approach to the study of culture can be seen in terms of the form of things that people have in mind, their models for perceiving, relating to, and interpreting them.

This in turn gives rise to the reason for our argument in favor of a cognitive approach in Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа metaphors, which takes into account cultural beliefs and values especially between culturally distinct languages, e.

This paper intends to show how metaphors reflect cognitive and cultural human experiences encoded by language as a means of recording human experience and how culture models and constrains this cognition. In particular this paper is an argument in favor of a cognitive approach in the translation of metaphors, especially between culturally distinct languages, e.

Here one should deter the crucial role of culture in this process of symbolization and conceptualization. Surprisingly, it is a symbol of wisdom in the Western culture. In the cognitive study of metaphor an emphasis is made on the psychological as well as on the sociocultural and linguistic aspects of metaphor.

Ibri College, Sultanate of Oman. Different theories and approaches have been proposed with regard to metaphor translation, each of which has tackled this problem from a different point of view. Otherwise, the second strategy will apply and the task will be more difficult Richards, ; Leech, ; Dagut, ; and Maalej, Whichever term is used for labeling these expressions, they all exhibit some kind of semantic and logical violation to the referential components of their lexical constituents.

A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. ST Jerome Publishing: Manchester. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor. Mass: The MIT Press. The cognitive view of metaphor and its implications for translation theory. Translation and Meaning, Part 3 Metaphor in Political and Economic Text. Translating Metaphor between Unrelated Cultures: A Cognitive Perspective.

Sometimes, even native speakers are not always able to comprehend the figurative meaning of messages in their own language Al-Ali Familiar words in unfamiliar contexts. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 12 2 Riyadh: Royal Society K. Metaphor, metonymy, and cross-cultural translation.

Although we find this a rather unreachable objective, we still believe that some of it can be achieved provided that the following two conditions are satisfied: First, the translator must understand the way in which receptive readers perceive the world and structure their experience.

This is related to the fact that people of a given culture use language to reflect their attitudes towards the world in general and the life of the community they live in particular.

No believer in Allah stung from a Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа twice. Verily, with every difficulty there is relief. Hand of Allah with the group. In the three examples above, the only plausible justification for this variation in the use of metaphoric expressions is the fact that the users of each language map the particular conceptual domain of their own world differently.

As mentioned before, the product of this process might be a TL Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа, paraphrase, explanatory remark, or even a footnote. The reader is invited to see how inadequate the translation is due to the absence of identical cognitive mapping of the SL expressions in the TL on behalf of the translator. TL: On the night of the fasts, you are allowed to approach your wives.

If he can touch upon a similar TL cognitive domain, then his task will be fulfilled quite successfully and easily. If not, he has to look for the cognitive domain that fits in the TL as the SL one does. The result of the first action is often an equivalent TL metaphor or—under the worst conditions—a TL simile. The result of the Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа action, however, is open to many possibilities, of which rendering the SL metaphor into a TL one is the least likely.

Referring to cultural aspects and drawing on the general guidelines of the cognitive framework i. The first set comprises metaphors of similar mapping conditions reflecting shared ideas which are expressed by identical metaphors in both languages, and other instances of metaphors which are realized by different lexical items in the TL.

Although examples above represent metaphors expressing a small number of ideas shared by the two languages, hence expressed, roughly speaking, by similar expressions, examples 121314and 15 above reflect values, and beliefs peculiar to each particular culture i. Notice how users of each language conceptualize the concept of number in 12 and 13 to reflect the same idea. Further, religious affiliations affect the lexical choice to express the same idea in each language, as it is the case in However, examples, such as 4 above, embody a conceptual metaphor, where the SL i.

Unfortunately, the translator has to suffer twice when he approaches these metaphoric expressions. Studies of metaphor have been largely dedicated to issues such as the meaning, forms, components, typology, and the role of metaphors as speech ornaments and meaning-enhancing analogies.

The difficulty of metaphor rendition lies not in the assumption that languages cannot provide equivalent Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа for their metaphors, but in the fact that they lack counterpart metaphors related to the same conceptual domain or area.

Metaphors of different mapping conditions. Examples of this category generate when working on culture-bound SL metaphors that are mapped into a domain different from that of the TL.

Metaphors related to the parts of human body are examples of the case. Consider the following English metaphors of the human body:. The Arabic translation of the above metaphoric expressions means the same and reads as follows, respectively:.

Thus a metaphor might be rendered into a simile, a paraphrase, a footnote, an explanation or—as a last resort—it can be omitted. Therefore, I believe that attempts of literal rendering or mere linguistic meaning transference of the metaphoric expressions from one language to another are deemed to result in a noticeably bad product, especially when these expressions draw on culture-specific methods of thinking rather than on shared or universal notions or schemata.

Second, he must also try his best to find a way to accommodate his text to the experience of the target-language reader, and to the way it is recoded in the TL. For this reason, I think that metaphors must be looked at as cognitive constructs rather than mere linguistic entities or rhetorical phenomena.

The need is the mother of invention. Actions more rhetorical- than sayings. Birds shapes- their on fall. A drowning clutches in a straw.

He does not sow out of season nor cultivate in a manner which will exhaust the soil. However, this image cannot be reproduced in the TL. In a similar way, in the Arabic SL text in 22the back-biting is likened to eating the flesh of a dead brother in terms of abomination; however, the English translation does not seem to reproduce plausible counterpart metaphors when the general meaning of the Arabic words is given.

Since one of the basic assumptions is that culture influences metaphor in an important way, the following section attempts to clarify Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа metaphor is a cultural object.

This is a characteristic of all human societies, and due to this fact various language systems are not easily translatable. Therefore, because different cultures conceptualize the world in different ways, metaphors are characterized as being culture-specific.

English concept or experience is borrowed and loan-translated into Arabic. Metaphors having similar mapping conditions but lexically realized differently. As stated above, beliefs and religion are aspects of culture that play a very significant role in translation. As is shown in the following examples, although the English examples and their Arabic counterpart metaphors are related to the same conceptual domain, the religion or ethical system in the TL has led to major differences in lexical choice.

Semiotica Can metaphor be translated? Babel: International Journal of Translation, XXII 1 International Journal of Islamic and Arabic Studies, 6 2 Metaphor and the Expression of Emotion: The Value of Cross- Cultural Perspectives. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10 3 The language of Metaphors. Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding. New Jersey: Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

It can be concluded that translators, whose Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа is to produce a TL text that bears a close resemblance to the SL text, should be aware of cognitive and cultural issues when translating from Arabic into English or vice-versa. Therefore, it is not enough for translators to be bilingual, but they should be bicultural as well.

Following Lakoff and Johnson 12"a culture may be thought of as providing, among other things, a pool of available metaphors for making sense of reality"; "to live by a metaphor is to have your reality structured by that metaphor and to base your perceptions and actions upon that structuring of reality" ibid.

In other words, metaphors represent instances of how people conceptualize their experience and how they record it. Hence, it is believed that the cognitive approach will work for this purpose. In cognitive linguisticsmetaphor is often given a cognitive function in which human beings draw upon the experience of each other or non-human surroundings or even other concepts or images. Lakoff and Johnson define metaphor as a means to understand one domain of experience the target domain in terms of another, a familiar one source domain.

Therefore, in search for cognitive equivalence to replace the SL image with a TL image that does not clash with the target culture, we have differentiated between three cognitive mapping conditions to the translation of metaphors: 1 metaphors of similar mapping conditions, 2 metaphors having similar mapping conditions but lexically implemented differently, and 3 metaphors of different mapping conditions. The difference between these three can be represented as a cline or continuum, with the Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа of metaphors of similar mapping conditions at one end, and those of different mapping conditions at the other end of the continuum, and those of similar mapping conditions but lexically Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа differently as an intermediate set in between the polar opposites.

Since metaphors are related to different cultural domains, this implies that the translator has to do the job of conceptual mapping on behalf of the TL reader; he has to look for a TL similar cognitive equivalence in the target culture. The more the SL and TL cultures in question conceptualize experience in a similar way, the easier the task of translation will be. But since human real-world experiences are not always similar, and metaphors record these experiences, the task of the translator becomes more difficult when translating these metaphors across languages related to different cultures.

To those who studied metaphor within the scope of cognitive linguistics e. Similar Mapping Condition SMC and Different Mapping Condition DMC. He found out that metaphorical expressions take more time and are more difficult to translate if they exploit a cognitive domain different from that of the target language equivalent expression. According to the hypothesis, the reason for this delay, difficulty and uncertainty in the translation of different domain metaphors Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа the search for another conceptual mapping i.

It is apparent that the attempts to maintain these metaphors in English translation have communicatively failed. To solve this problem, the translator of these verses provides footnotes to explain Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа meanings of these Arabic metaphors.

However, a better policy in such cases, according to El-Hassan and Al-Saidis to provide a brief explanation in the main body of the text provided that it does not Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа interrupt the flow of the text.

Towards a Science of Translation. The Philosophy of Rhetoric, New York: OUP. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Semantics, Culture and Cognition. Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. Encyclopedia Britannicavol. It will also appear in paper form in Sept.

Examples of the first category generate when working on cultural universal SL metaphors Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа from shared human experience Emanatian ; the second set is related to the same conceptual domain in the SL and the TL, but the ethical system in Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа TL or the SL has led to major differences in lexical choice; whereas the third set includes the culture-bound SL metaphors that are mapped into a domain different from that of the TL.

Cultural Conceptualization of Metaphor. One of the oldest definitions of culture, which is used by the Encyclopedia Britannicavol. The following section will illustrate how the metaphoric choices available to a user are filtered by the value and belief systems prevailing in the cultural community the text is translated into.

This difficulty would increase a lot when translating between two distant cultures where all traditions, symbols, life conditions and methods of experience representation are different. This also explains the ease of translating some universal metaphors denoting similar ideas in different cultures.

The study of the metaphoric expressions of a given culture would, hopefully, give us a chance to see how the members of that culture structure or map their experience of the world and record it into their native language.

Having a didactic function, these metaphors figure human philosophical insights, logic, wisdom, and instructions in ways which reinforce universal conventional images and attitudes, and therefore both reflect and reproduce those conventions. In other words these metaphors are a reflection of human experience; they can contribute to exposing the way such conventions are embedded in language. The history repeats itself.

These studies shy away from the exploration of the continuous connection of metaphors as mental or picturesque representations of the real world and the language used to realize these pictures in words. Despite the large amount of literature available on the literary aspects of this linguistic phenomenon, very little research has been done on the cogno-cultural translation of metaphors.

Because translators suffer twice when approaching some metaphors which are cultur-bound and due to their figurative meaning intralingualy, it is recommended that translators Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа trained in coping with metaphor translation not only in foreign-language programs, but also in their native language.

This opportunity causes saliva come out of my mouth. Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа make blood boils in my veins. This issue it the cornerstone. Spread off ash in the eyes. One bird in hand is better than ten on the tree. The time from gold. Cleanliness from faith in Allah.

They are your garments and you are their garment. Would any of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? As can be seen, the literal English translations for the above verses do not work as equivalents for the Arabic euphemistic areas of sex and related matters; that is because the question of sexual intercourse is always delicate to handle in the Arabic culture.

Hence they are studied as instances of figurative Translation of metaphor in poetry дипломная работа opposite to literal language, where words gain extra features over their referential ones. Therefore, the meaning of any of these lexical constituents cannot be predicted from their referential meaning.